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The Academy's Evolution Site The concept of biological evolution is a fundamental concept in biology. The Academies are involved in helping those who are interested in science to comprehend the evolution theory and how it can be applied in all areas of scientific research. This site provides a wide range of resources for students, teachers as well as general readers about evolution. It includes key video clip from NOVA and WGBH produced science programs on DVD. Tree of Life The Tree of Life is an ancient symbol that represents the interconnectedness of all life. It appears in many religions and cultures as a symbol of unity and love. It can be used in many practical ways as well, such as providing a framework to understand the evolution of species and how they respond to changing environmental conditions. The first attempts to depict the biological world were built on categorizing organisms based on their physical and metabolic characteristics. These methods, which relied on the sampling of various parts of living organisms or sequences of short fragments of their DNA, greatly increased the variety of organisms that could be represented in the tree of life2. However these trees are mainly made up of eukaryotes. Bacterial diversity remains vastly underrepresented3,4. Genetic techniques have greatly expanded our ability to depict the Tree of Life by circumventing the requirement for direct observation and experimentation. Trees can be constructed using molecular techniques, such as the small-subunit ribosomal gene. Despite the massive expansion of the Tree of Life through genome sequencing, a large amount of biodiversity awaits discovery. This is particularly true of microorganisms, which are difficult to cultivate and are often only found in a single specimen5. Recent analysis of all genomes resulted in an initial draft of the Tree of Life. This includes a wide range of bacteria, archaea and other organisms that haven't yet been identified or whose diversity has not been well understood6. This expanded Tree of Life can be used to evaluate the biodiversity of a specific region and determine if certain habitats require special protection. The information is useful in a variety of ways, including finding new drugs, battling diseases and improving the quality of crops. This information is also extremely beneficial to conservation efforts. It can aid biologists in identifying areas that are likely to be home to species that are cryptic, which could have vital metabolic functions and be vulnerable to changes caused by humans. While funding to protect biodiversity are important, the best method to protect the world's biodiversity is to empower more people in developing nations with the necessary knowledge to act locally and support conservation. Phylogeny A phylogeny is also known as an evolutionary tree, illustrates the relationships between groups of organisms. Scientists can build an phylogenetic chart which shows the evolution of taxonomic groups using molecular data and morphological similarities or differences. The concept of phylogeny is fundamental to understanding biodiversity, evolution and genetics. 에볼루션 블랙잭 (see Figure PageIndex 10 ) is a method of identifying the relationships between organisms with similar traits that evolved from common ancestors. These shared traits are either homologous or analogous. Homologous traits are identical in their evolutionary origins while analogous traits appear like they do, but don't have the identical origins. Scientists group similar traits together into a grouping referred to as a clade. Every organism in a group have a common trait, such as amniotic egg production. They all came from an ancestor with these eggs. The clades are then connected to form a phylogenetic branch that can determine the organisms with the closest relationship. Scientists utilize DNA or RNA molecular information to construct a phylogenetic graph which is more precise and precise. This data is more precise than morphological information and provides evidence of the evolution history of an organism or group. The use of molecular data lets researchers determine the number of organisms that have an ancestor common to them and estimate their evolutionary age. The phylogenetic relationships between organisms can be influenced by several factors, including phenotypic plasticity a kind of behavior that changes in response to specific environmental conditions. This can cause a trait to appear more like a species another, obscuring the phylogenetic signal. However, read review can be cured by the use of techniques such as cladistics which combine homologous and analogous features into the tree. In addition, phylogenetics helps predict the duration and rate at which speciation occurs. This information can assist conservation biologists in making decisions about which species to save from disappearance. In the end, it is the conservation of phylogenetic variety that will result in an ecosystem that is complete and balanced. Evolutionary Theory The central theme in evolution is that organisms change over time as a result of their interactions with their environment. Many theories of evolution have been proposed by a variety of scientists such as the Islamic naturalist Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-1274) who proposed that a living organism develop gradually according to its requirements and needs, the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) who designed the modern hierarchical taxonomy, as well as Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) who suggested that use or disuse of traits cause changes that can be passed on to the offspring. In the 1930s & 1940s, ideas from different areas, including genetics, natural selection, and particulate inheritance, came together to form a modern synthesis of evolution theory. This explains how evolution happens through the variation in genes within the population, and how these variations change with time due to natural selection. This model, which incorporates genetic drift, mutations, gene flow and sexual selection can be mathematically described mathematically. Recent developments in the field of evolutionary developmental biology have shown how variations can be introduced to a species by genetic drift, mutations, reshuffling genes during sexual reproduction and the movement between populations. These processes, in conjunction with other ones like directionally-selected selection and erosion of genes (changes in frequency of genotypes over time) can result in evolution. 에볼루션카지노 is defined by changes in the genome over time, as well as changes in the phenotype (the expression of genotypes within individuals). Incorporating evolutionary thinking into all areas of biology education can improve student understanding of the concepts of phylogeny as well as evolution. A recent study conducted by Grunspan and colleagues, for instance, showed that teaching about the evidence for evolution helped students accept the concept of evolution in a college biology course. For more information on how to teach about evolution, read The Evolutionary Potential in all Areas of Biology and Thinking Evolutionarily: A Framework for Infusing Evolution in Life Sciences Education. Evolution in Action Traditionally scientists have studied evolution through looking back, studying fossils, comparing species, and observing living organisms. Evolution is not a distant moment; it is an ongoing process. Bacteria evolve and resist antibiotics, viruses evolve and escape new drugs and animals change their behavior in response to a changing planet. The results are often apparent. It wasn't until late 1980s that biologists began to realize that natural selection was also in action. The key is that various characteristics result in different rates of survival and reproduction (differential fitness) and are passed from one generation to the next. In the past, if a certain allele – the genetic sequence that determines colour appeared in a population of organisms that interbred, it could become more common than other allele. In time, this could mean that the number of black moths within a particular population could rise. The same is true for many other characteristics—including morphology and behavior—that vary among populations of organisms. It is easier to track evolutionary change when an organism, like bacteria, has a rapid generation turnover. Since 1988, biologist Richard Lenski has been tracking twelve populations of E. bacteria that descend from a single strain. samples of each are taken on a regular basis and over fifty thousand generations have been observed. Lenski's research has revealed that mutations can alter the rate of change and the efficiency at which a population reproduces. It also proves that evolution takes time, a fact that many find difficult to accept. Another example of microevolution is the way mosquito genes that confer resistance to pesticides show up more often in areas where insecticides are used. This is because the use of pesticides creates a pressure that favors people who have resistant genotypes. The speed at which evolution can take place has led to a growing awareness of its significance in a world shaped by human activity—including climate changes, pollution and the loss of habitats which prevent the species from adapting. Understanding the evolution process will help us make better decisions regarding the future of our planet, and the life of its inhabitants.